Distinguish line-item budgeting from program budgeting.

• A. Line-item budgets ignore expenditures.
• B. Line-item budgets allocate resources by category; program budgets allocate by programs and outcomes.
• C. Line-item budgets are used for capital markets; program budgets are not.
• D. Line-item budgets allocate resources by programs and outcomes.

Answer: (B)

Line-item budgeting focuses on where money goes by category or object of expenditure—things like salaries, supplies, and equipment. It presents a detailed list of each cost item, making it easy to see and control costs, but it doesn’t inherently show how spending connects to specific results or objectives.

Program budgeting, in contrast, groups funds by programs and links each program to its goals, outputs, and outcomes. This approach emphasizes what the agency aims to achieve and how resources support those results, making it easier to assess effectiveness and reallocate funds based on performance.

The correct statement captures this distinction: resources are allocated by category in line-item budgeting, while program budgeting allocates by programs and outcomes. The other options mischaracterize line-item budgeting as ignoring expenditures, or describe it as being tied to programs and outcomes, which it does not. The capital markets note is irrelevant to the fundamental difference.